HSRC REPORT: This paper aims to increase understanding of the requirements for introducing and scaling up provision of Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) as part of comprehensive HIV/AIDS programmes in resource-poor countries. It explores the feasibility of ART in resource poor settings;the different approaches taken to the delievery of ART; the issues to be considered in scaling up ART provision. This review was undertaken before WHO’s launch of the 3 by 5 initiative on the 1st of December 2003.